The growing political and economic scope of corporations to dimensions hitherto largely
reserved for states has been referred to as ‘corporate sovereignty’ (ICHRP, 2002; Rondinelli,
2003; Kapferer, 2004; Sawyer, 2006; Stern, 2011; Barkan, 2013). Such sovereignty has been
achieved with the blessing and assistance of state governments, instigated as it was from a
‘transnational corporate agenda for deregulation and unhindered business operation across
national borders’ (Hossein-Zadeh, 1997: 244; Hassan, 2013) where individual corporations
are beholden to state enabled markets rather than to any single sovereign law (Barber, 1995;
Rondinelli, 2003). The corporate sovereign thus edges closer and closer to a position whereby
it is ‘monitored neither by international law nor by the legal norms of any particular state’
(Sawyer, 2006: 40; Kapferer, 2004). It is in this way that neoliberalism has ‘shifted
sovereignty to the domain of the global corporation and the world markets they control’
(Barber, 1995: 296). The situation, as described by the International Council on Human
Rights Policy, is one where ‘the concept of the sovereignty of states’ is in danger of being
‘replaced by a new corporate sovereignty, which is unrestricted or unaccountable’ (ICHRP,
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